![]() ![]() ![]() An example of a negative item is “How often have you felt nervous and stressed?” and an example of a positive item is “How often have you felt that things were going your way?” Studies have found a two factor structure with Cronbach alphas ranging from 0.75 to 0.91. The PSS a 14-item questionnaire that evaluates perceived stress over the last four weeks and is made up of seven positively worded questions (PSS-PW) and seven negatively worded questions (PSS-NW). High scores on the PSS have been associated with a variety of adverse outcomes including but not limited to cognitive decline, depression, pain and poor wound healing. One of the most frequently used measures of perceived stress is Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Perceived stress occurs when environmental demands exceed an individual’s ability to cope with them. ![]()
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